Define analog and digital quantities. Subtract 1010101.101 − 1000100.001 using both 1's complement and 2's complement methods.

📌 Topic cluster: Subtraction using 1's / 2's complement

Convert (2594.68)₁₀ into hexadecimal. Design a full subtractor with its block diagram, truth table, logic diagram and Boolean expression.

What NAND and NOR gates are called universal gates? Express the Boolean function F(A,B,C,D) = D(A'+B) + B'D into standard SOP and POS forms.

📌 Topic cluster: 4-variable K-map minimization

Design a combinational circuit that generates the 9's complement of a 3-bit number using only 3 gates. Also design a 1:8 DEMUX using 1:4 DEMUX and 1:2 DEMUX.

Define state table. Design a combinational circuit using a ROM that accepts a 3-bit number and generates the square of the input as output.

Design a MOD-11 synchronous counter.

📌 Topic cluster: MOD-N counter design

How does a flip-flop differ from a latch? Explain a clocked SR flip-flop with its logic diagram, truth table, characteristic table and excitation table.

📌 Topic cluster: Clocked SR flip-flop with tables

Differentiate between PAL and PLA. Design a combinational circuit with four inputs representing a BCD decimal digit and four outputs that generate the 2's complement of the input binary pattern. Include circuit diagram, truth table and block diagram.

📌 Topic cluster: PAL vs PLA / programmable logic

Define multiplexer. Explain 4:1 MUX with its block diagram, truth table and logic diagram. Implement an 8:1 multiplexer using lower-order multiplexers.

📌 Topic cluster: Decoder design / Boolean function with decoder

Explain how the race condition in a JK flip-flop can be resolved. Design a 3-bit Gray code synchronous counter.

📌 Topic cluster: JK flip-flop race-around / master-slave